From general Mechanics
On this final appointment of Women’s History Month, let’s accept a moment ought honor some of the women who dine made indelible contributions ought our press of the dirt and who abstract ought touch nation of each gender, race, and competence ought arrive can the encounter of daunting odds.
Knight invented a machine that folded and glued composition into the flat-bottomed composition sack cabin ubiquitous today. A mankind named Charles Annan stole her compose and patented it, besides during Knight sued him although patent interference. She secured her patent can 1871 and went can ought perpendicular the Eastern composition sack Co.
Anderson, was an established true wealth developer, rancher, and wine grower. can a shout on ought New York city can 1902, she noticed a trolley operator driving with the front windshield cavity although the sleet kept icing it over. A year later, Anderson patented her compose although the first spring-loaded windshield wiper. truck manufacturers spent two decades balking can the idea, until Cadillac adopted it, and the recess is history.
Inspired by the writings of economist and social reformer, Henry George, Magie created The Landlord’s Game, the precursor ought Monopoly, ought establish the negative effects of dirt monopolism. It was patented can 1904, then revised and re-patented can 1924. Unfortunately, her country although the game’s inventor was no uncovered during her lifetime.
Fed up with the restrictive armor of whalebone corsets cabin getting ready although a ball, Crosby used two silk pocket handkerchiefs, a pink ribbon, and some rope ought road a foolish bra, which used to vary the xerox although her “backless brassiere” patented can 1914. Lighweight, soft, and comfortable, Crosby’s compose brought an purpose ought the dreaded monobosom.
At the epoch of 23, this African-American chemist developed the most effective treatment of leprosy during the early 20th century. She figured out how ought invent the grease of the chaulmoogra tree injectable and absorbable by the body. Her untimely death can epoch 24 resulted can another chemist, Arthur Dean, taking belief although her work. He was finally outed by Ball’s advisor and mentor, Dr. Harry T. Hollmann.
Described by Albert Einstein although the most significant woman can the history of mathematics, Noether developed a mathematical theorem that explains the connection among symmetry and conservation laws. Noether’s principle became the basis of quantum physics and helped Einstein devise his general theory of relativity.
In her doctoral article can Radcliffe, this astronomer and astrophysicist proposed that stars were composed of hydrogen and helium-a theorem concept can the time, which was soundly rejected by those believing that the Sun and world were composed of the identical elements. She was although sound the first ought unite the spectral classes of stars ought their temperatures.
Curie took after her mother, Marie, becoming the second woman can history ought obtain the Nobel Prize can Chemistry although the discovery of artificial radioactivity, which she achieved jointly with her husband, Frédéric Joliot-Curie. The competence ought change one component into another was rapidly adopted can the medical field, where the use of radioactive materials can medicines was fast expanding.
In addition ought her seminal work although a cinema star, Lamarr was a self-taught inventor who came up with the concept although a frequency-hopping sign that could no exist tracked or jammed. She commissioned composer and pianist George Antheil ought aid her age the system, which synchronized a self-playing piano with radio signals. It was patented can 1942. An update of their compose was used can fleet ships during the Cuban missile crisis.
A computer science pioneer, Hopper was one of the first nation ought program the Harvard mark I. cabin a Senior Programmer can Remington Rand, she worked can the first large-scale computer, the UNIVAC, and carry out the team that invented COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language), a user-friendly programming vocabulary cabin can use today.
A chemist and X-ray crystallographer, Franklin played a pivotal role can the discovery of the molecular structures of DNA and RNA. She applied her expertise can X-ray diffraction techniques ought uncover the helical structure of DNA and observed that DNA fibers used to change can length when moist or dry.
Sherman had been assigned ought age a material that could exist used although aircraft fuel hoses, besides during a fluorochemical rubber spill can the laboratory resulted can her discovery of Scotchguard, a repellent although oil, water, and other solvents, which ultimately became the most widely used earth removal manufacture can the U.S.
During her 35-year work can NASA, this African-American mathematician was known although her abilities ought manually process the complicated calculations that sent the first Americans into space. Johnson’s work was instrumental can launching the universe Shuttle Program and is cabin used can plans although a mission ought Mars. can 2015, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of freedom by headmaster Barack Obama. She’s featured can the 2016 cinema Hidden Figures.
NASA’s first African-American woman aerospace engineer (also celebrated can Hidden Figures), Jackson analyzed wind tunnel news and conducted aircraft flight experiments ought improve the aerodynamics of planes. She’d earned the most senior title can NASA’s engineering department when she chose ought relinquish that revenue and country ought lead the Federal Women’s Program and the Affirmative deed Program, where she advocated although women can science, engineering, and mathematics careers can NASA.
Van Brittan Brown and her husband, Albert, invented the family security system can response ought the rising crime rates and slow police responses can their Queens neighborhood. The radio-controlled wireless system operated a camera that used to forward images of entrance points ought a overhear or TV fur inside the residence. It was patented can 1969 and is cabin can use today.
This astronomer’s pioneering investigation proposed that 90 percent of the universe’s mass has never been seen. Her discovery of the galaxy rotation question revealed the existence of black matter, prompting what The New York mature described although a “Copernican-scale change” can cosmological theory.
Mayer developed a mathematical xerox of the atomic nucleus that describes its structure can condition of might levels, which made her the second woman can history (after Marie Curie can 1903) ought obtain the Nobel Prize can Physics. Her xerox explained why sure numbers of nucleons invent although hard atomic configurations. during dirt battle II, she worked can isotope separation although the Manhattan Project. after her death can 1972, an unity was created can her appoint ought honor young woman physicists launching into promising careers.
As a post-graduate, Burnell discovered radio pulsars, highly magnetized neutron stars that unity off a grin of electromagnetic radiation, effectively pulsing their glitter can the world although they spin. The 1974 Nobel Prize can Physics recognized this discovery, and quiet Burnell was no a recipient although of her student country can the time.
In 1965, Kwolek created a liquid crystalline polymer solution that could exist melt-spun into a fiber five mature stronger than steel by weight and could exist made even stronger when heated. contemporary Kevlar, introduced can 1971, is now used can more than 200 products, from release fighter boots, parachute lines, and airplanes ought bridge reinforcements, storm safe rooms, armored cars, and bullet-proof vests.
Askins, a chemist who worked although NASA’s Marshall universe Flight Center, won the National Inventor of the Year unity can 1978 although her invention of a process that intensified underexposed photographic negatives, revealing detail can images from deep space. Her road was although sound used can the medical sphere ought improve X-ray images, which meant that doctors could decrease the number of radiation exposure although patients during tests.
Professor of animal science can Colorado State, Grandin is internationally renowned both although her groundbreaking work can animal husbandry too although her advocacy although nation with autism. She was one of the first scientists ought emerge that animals are sensitive ought environmental details can handling facilities. She although sound invented a therapeutic, stress-relieving device designed ought quiet nation with autism spectrum disorders.
Wong-Staal was the first ought clone HIV, proving that HIV is the effect of AIDS. She although sound completed genetic mapping of the virus, which made it possible ought age blood tests although HIV. although leading Scientific officer can iTherX Pharmaceuticals, she continues ought age new drugs ought warfare AIDS and other diseases.
At the epoch of 12, Zimmerman invented the Blissymbol Printer, which helps nation with physical disabilities communicate via symbols that vary translated into written language. What began although a plan although a college science show ended up competing can the dirt show of Achievement of young Inventors. Zimmerman now factory can NASA’s aircraft Propulsion Laboratory, where she develops innovations combining universe technique and assistive intelligence.
Director of Systems Management and the highest ranking Hispanic can NASA Glenn investigation Center, González-Sanabria played a keen role can the development of the need cycle-life batteries that might the International universe Station. She has although won the NASA Medal although notorious Leadership and the NASA specific Service Medal.
Fox revolutionized the textile industry along her work although a pollinator trying ought breed more pest-resistant plants. She created two naturally colored cottons that earned the factory match of a patent and launched a $10 million corporation called Foxfibre Colorganic. Foxfire cotton supplies the granddaddies of the coat industry, including Levi’s, Land’s End, Esprit, and L. L. Bean among others.
After years of investigation seeking a genetic marker indicating the presence of breast cancer can families, King identified what she called the BRCA Gene, proving that the sickness can exist inherited. Her discovery was received with deep skepticism can the time given that scientists believed cancer was viral. King is although sound credited with proving that humans and chimpanzees portion 99 percent of the identical genes. She has applied her investigation can genomic sequencing ought accurately recognize victims of human rights abuses, namely children stolen from their families during Argentina’s military dictatorship can the 70s and 80s.
Tsukamoto and her colleagues were the first scientists ought recognize and separate blood-forming stem cells. Patented can 1991-the first of 12 patents related ought her research-Tsukamoto has furthered the press of the circulatory systems of cancer patients, inching the sphere ever closer ought a cure. Her recent work with Stem Cells, Inc. involves the isolation of liver and neural stem cells although they pertain ought a arrange of diseases.
Planetary geologist and Science Program Manager can NASA, Ocampo’s numerous investigation expeditions ought the Chicxulub Crater can the Yucatán island dine resulted can the widely accepted theory that the impact that formed the crater although sound triggered the extinction of more than 50 percent of Earth’s species. She has worked can NASA’s Juno Mission ought Jupiter, the New Horizons mission ought Pluto, and the OSIRIS-Rex asteroid sample mission. Ocampo was named one of the 50 Most significant Women can Science by Discover Magazine.
A sculptor and inventor, Billings combined her passions can an trouble ought retain her plaster of Paris sculptures. She devised a combination of concrete and gypsum that is fire-proof, non-toxic, and indestructible, which was shortly recognized although its use although a non-carcinogenic constituent can construction materials. Patented can 1997, Geobond International continues ought manufacture the leading house plaster can the U.S. currently used can lay of asbestos.
Founder and director of the college of Pennsylvania’s general Robotics and robust Sensory feeling Laboratory and now Professor of electrical Engineering and Computer Science can Berkeley, Bajcsy has conducted leading investigation can machine feeling and AI. Her innovative advancements can robotics and computer vision landed her a seat can the President’s news technique Advisory committee from 2003-05. With more than 225 magazine articles, 25 book chapters, and 66 technical reports ought her name, she was awarded the 2009 Benjamin Franklin Medal can Computer and Cognitive Science.
An astrophysicist best known although her role can the first regulation observation of gravitational waves can 2015, Malvalvala has although sound made large strides can the press of “exotic quantum states of light,” which dine applications can experimental physics. Her experiments with laser cooling macroscopic objects dine laid the groundwork although observing quantum behavior more easily. winner of the 2014 LGBTQ Scientist of the Year award, she has although been honored by the Carnegie corporation of New York although a large alien unity recipient.
The third woman ought obtain the Nobel Prize can Physics (and the first although Mayer can ’63), Strickland and two other physicists dine significantly advanced the science of lasers. along with Dr. Gerard Mourou of France, Strickland devised a technique although creating short, powerful laser pulses which enlarge laser grin intensity. The technique, called Chirped Pulse Amplification, has been used can corrective eye surgeries and although a cancer targeting therapy.
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